Creating the Design

There is a bewildering array of color, line, form, and texture of plants and building materials to choose from. It is important to bring these details together in an harmonious manner. Successful coordination creates a garden that is pleasing to the eye; the garden appears natural, balanced, and comfortable. Coordination also helps to camouflage the negative while accentuating the positive features. The details to coordinate are color scheme, line, form, volume, texture, and transition.

Create a color scheme by first examining what already exists on your property (house, fence, trees, hedges, hardscape, etc.). Next, consider your color preferences, and organize a color palette that works for you and your property.

•	Choose a shade of green for the hedges. This will be a primary color as hedges are the “bones” of the garden. Does a soft gray-green shade, or a medium forest green, or pale spring green, or a shiny fresh green appeal to you?

Color Wheel

Design: Ali Davidson, Landscape

Color wheel in action

The outer edge of a color wheel shows the primary colors of red, yellow and blue, along with their secondary colors of orange, green, and violet, or purple. The middle circle shows pale tints of the primary and secondary colors as a result of mixing them with white. The inner circle shows shades made by mixing black with the primary and secondary colors.

Warm colors (red, orange, and yellow) are considered energizing. If you want to tone down these colors, place them in filtered light or against a dark background. Be spare with these colors, because too much may appear overwhelming and tire the eye.

Cool colors (green, blue and violet) recede and calm. To brighten (highlight) cool colors, combine with white. This is useful for bringing attention to a shaded area. Cool colors disappear in shade and moonlight. White and pastels are washed out in sunlight.

Warm colors (and white) make items seem closer and appear larger. Warm colors planted at the foundation line will make your home to appear closer to the street.

Cool colors (and black) make items recede and appear smaller. Cool colors planted at the foundation line will make your home to appear farther from the street.

a.	A complementary color scheme combines a color with its opposite. A color wheel may be useful for this type of color scheme. For example, green plants next to a red house, fiery fall color with a blue-sky backdrop, or a rustic bench with yellow striped pillows against a purple painted garage wall.

Complementary colors

Bold and bright complementary colors

Adjacent color wheel

Design: Michelle Derviss, Landscapes Designed

Powerful shades of rust and orange spice this garden.

c.	A monochromatic scheme combines various shades and tints from just one color family; moss and gray green grasses adjacent a gray stone fountain.

Monochromatic color wheel

Design: Exteriors Landscape Architecture

Blue hues

d.	A triadic scheme (split-complementary) occurs when three colors equidistant on the color wheel are combined. Some examples of this combination are using red with yellow and blue, or red-orange with yellow-green and blue-violet.

Triadic color wheel

Garden is rich with split-complimentary colors.

Repeating the color schemes creates a rhythm that will move the eye through, around, and/or beyond the landscape. For example: alternating rose-pink windowsills and groupings of purple flowers with green shrubbery.

Annual plants are considered accent plants. They usually bloom for the one season only and must be replaced each year.

However, fall color usually means leaf drop, so design with maintenance in mind.

Beautiful fall colors announce steps

Fall color as a patio focal point.

Choosing plants that reflect, or echo, existing lines (natural and architectural) on the property will help unify the garden.

Courtesy Exteriors, Landscape Architecture

Black lines of the Oak tree trunk coordinate

with the creviced stone wall.

Refined planting follows the elegant curved

line of the stone seat wall.

For example: many one level, contemporary homes are styled with horizontal lines, so the garden should mimic the flow of those lines to create harmony.

Stone retaining walls are fitted into the

hillside and complete the integration of

structure and site.

The vertical Cypress trees accentuate the two-

story home’s tall, thin, windows and doors.

Besides horizontal and vertical lines, keep in mind the major shapes that occur on your site and try to mimic them with plants.

•	Find out how high and wide the plant will be at maturity before purchasing. Plant height, width, and mass should be in proportion to the home and appropriately sized for the planting location. For example: a 60 foot tree with a 40 foot spread will dwarf a single-story ranch style home.

•

Create a focal point (terminus) in the garden to provide a visually satisfying resting point. This can be accomplished with either straight or curved lines, or both. An example of a focal point would be a small gazebo in the middle of the garden. To draw the eye to the gazebo, the view of the gazebo is framed by three planes: an overhead plane represented by the sky or overhanging trees; a vertical plane by hedge or wall; and a base plane by paving, lawn, or groundcovers.

•

To compliment a stately, symmetrical home, use straight (axial) lines to reinforce the style. To further the formal effect, be sure to create a visually balanced pathway with each side being a mirror image of the other. An example would be two trees, as closely matched as possible, flanking the front door. Or perhaps, identical urns on either side of the entry filled with the same type and color flowers. Also, the eye fools easily, so areas can be made to appear larger, longer, and/or more spacious than they actually are by using straight lines to direct the eye towards a focal point.

•

An informal, asymmetrical home may use curved lines to create a flowing, relaxed garden. Curved lines are stronger when curved toward each other than when curved outward. A design has asymmetrical “balance” when opposite shapes on either side of the focal point create equal attraction An example is one tree and a large shrub planted with a bright ground cover. The mass of the shrub would be opposite to the tree’s linear height, but together they would appear balanced.

•	Lines should be flowing and graceful and form either a definitive shape or end at a focal point. Avoid the “uncertain,” weaving, in-and-out line.

•	Avoid a static line with little or no change. The eye moves easily form one section of the garden to another using lines of continuity. A blank wall, a pathway that ends abruptly, or a formal garden with no focal point will result in a feeling of confusion, or discord.

Make note of the shape of the dominant forms (structures, trees, shrubs, hardscapes, etc.) on your property. Choose plants that compliment or mimic these forms.

•	Fan-shaped leaves on a plant can soften a building edge; however, as you can see, it also may obscure the view as the plant matures. Consult the Plant List or other sources for dimensions of mature plants.

When designing and drawing a garden plan, keep in mind the volume principle. A two-dimensional drawing may appear more spacious than the three-dimensional real thing.

•	To avoid overcrowding plants in the garden, be sure to represent the mature size and shape of plants in the drawing plan.

•

Hardscapes will make a garden appear large and spacious. Be generous with the dimensions of a concrete path, a brick walk, or a stone patio. Even a small garden will appear spacious if it has paths that are five feet or more in width. Once constructed, the ample paths will provide safety, stability, and a frame for your garden.

Texture is the surface quality of an item that can be seen or felt. Surfaces in the landscape include buildings, walks, patios, groundcovers, and plants.

Texture can be coarse, medium, fine, smooth, rough, glossy, or dull. As with the other details, dominant or favorite texture should be used as a guideline in the design in order to unify the garden with the house and rest of the property.

•	Paverstone, and some flagstone, have a rustic, coarse texture. They are often used to compliment stucco and/or wood structures such as, walls, fencing, and outdoor furniture

•	Weathered brick and Arizona flagstone have a medium rough texture that is very complimentary to brick, wood, and plants with small to medium sized, dull leaves.

•

Hard-fired brick has a medium to fine texture with a smooth surface. It compliments both Mediterranean and modern structures; galvanized steel cable fencing; wrought iron work; plants with medium-sized, shiny leaves; stucco and hardwood planters; molded ornamental plastic pots; and outdoor molded plastic furniture.

•

Tile, such as cut slate and mosaics, can have a texture that is fine, smooth, and glossy. Tiles compliment town-garden entryways and patios; galvanized, wrought iron fencing; furniture; ornamental arches; small-leaved groundcover; smooth foliaged plants; elegant, hard-fired clay pots; and stone containers.

Design: Michelle Derviss, Landscapes Designed

Fanciful mosaic garden path

A single polished painted tile floats on concrete

wall.

•	Use mulch for a soft, dull surfaced pathway. It also allows water to penetrate the soil and helps prevent weed germination.

•

Gravel is good for achieving a hard, dull surface. Pea gravel has the finest texture, however, it needs to be replenished often due to gravel seepage (loss of rock due to tamping down and spill over into adjacent beds). Gravel surfaces are attractive, informal, allow water to penetrate the soil, and are low maintenance. It is a good idea to edge gravel areas to help prevent seepage.

Design: Michelle Derviss, Landscapes Designed

The gravel path lends informality to the

elegant garden.

Design: Michelle Derviss, Landscapes Designed

The gravel path also allows for rapid drainage

away from the house.

Transition is the gradual change from one scheme to another. Applying transition, as with the other design concepts, helps to create a surrounding that is gracious and pleasing to the eye. For example, to entice an individual from an enclosed, intimate area to one that is spacious and open, the designer will make the gradual transition by placing plants and forms that graduate in size, height, texture, color, etc. along the exiting pathway. By doing so, one is gently drawn into the open, spacious area.

•

Transitioning can create a feeling of distance both visually and physically. To generate transition, first choose a focal point that is prominent on the site: a distant hill, a large tree or a shrub, a structure. Place tall plants near an area where someone would naturally stand. Now position shorter and shorter plants along the pathway that leads to the focal point Transitioning darker colors to paler colors, or coarse textures to fine textures, can also extend the view outwards.

Before you start laying out your garden on paper, there are other details (building codes, utilities, soil, weather/climate, etc.) that need to be addressed in planning your garden.